1- Classmate respond to my post, please answer the question
Good Post!
You said, “ In qualitative research coding means organizing and sorting the data. The data which has been used in this is transcripts, journal, documents, videos etc. the Christine Topper scholar charge video has been opted.”
To add to your findings, some advantages of using qualitative data analysis software include being freed from manual and clerical tasks, saving time, being able to deal with large amounts of qualitative data, having increased flexibility, and having improved validity andauditability of qualitative research (St. John & Johnson, 2000). Concerns include increasingly rigid processes, privileging of coding, and retrieval methods, increased pressure on researchers to focus on volume rather than on depth and meaning, time and energy spent learning to use computer packages, increased commercialism, and distraction from the real work of analysis.
What are some other advantages of coding?
Reference:
St. John, W. & Johnson, P. (2000). Pros and cons of data analysis software for
qualitative research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 32(4); 393-397. Retrieved
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11140204
2- Classmate discussion
Analysis of Qualitative Data
Analysis of qualitative research data is dependent on the research questions that drive one’s individual study, the methods chosen to analyze data, and the application of rationale. It is one thing to create and collect data, but it is also essential for the researcher to properly transcribe data. Thus, transcription analysis “builds theoretical sensitivity, brings the researcher closer to the data, provides a unique opportunity to critique, and improves on the interview process” (Engel & Schutt, 2014). For the research question “what is effect of physician-patient relationship on hospital care and health care spending?” the researcher will not only conduct interviews but also use codes, themes, and categories to assist in analyzing data findings.
Coding
A code is a concept that is given a name that most exactly describes what is being said (Engel & Schutt, 2014). Typically, in an interview transcript, the researcher might highlight a word, phrase, sentence, or even paragraph that describes a specific phenomenon. Using the research on physician-patient interaction as an example, the researcher might use the code “isolation” to describe patients’ feelings when they are not included in the medical decision-making process. This code summarizes the general emotional state of patients interviewed.
Codes and Categories
A type of coding analysis is grounded codes. After codes are developed, the researcher then goes back to describe the codes. Furthermore, the researcher is to look for connections between codes, begin descriptive categories (which essentially connects multiple codes together), develop subcategories, relationships, and cause-effect (Hesse-Biber, 2010). As such, categories are a grouping of codes that assist the researcher in reducing the number of data codes during analysis.
Identifying Themes
In qualitative research analysis, themes are harder to identify, as they are higher order categorization of qualitative data. One way to identify themes is to use indigenous categories, where the researcher looks for local terms that may sound unfamiliar or are used in unfamiliar ways (Ryan & Bernard, 2012). In grounded theory, this is referred to as in vivo coding. While this method can seem complicated, with experience and expertise on specialized language, this method is very useful for social scientists.
References
Engel, R. J & Schutt, R. K. (2014). Fundamentals of social work research (2nd Ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Hesse-Biber, J. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: with or without software. Retrieved
from http://www.bumc.bu.edu/crro/files/2010/07/Hesse-Bieber-4-10.pdf
Ryan, G. W. & Bernard, H. R. (2012). Techniques to identify themes in qualitative data.
Retrieved from http://www.analytictech.com/mb870/readings/ryan- bernard_techniques_to_identify_themes_in.htm
3- Classmate discussion
Coding, Categories, and Themes
Ravitch and Carl (2016), explain that codes help the researchers organize, sort, summarize and synthesize events in the data and categories are classifications of codes by shared or differentiating characteristics. Themes are statements or summaries that offer casual explanations of phenomena. They also convey the feelings or meanings interviewees attach to an issue (Rubin & Rubin, 2012). Themes represent participants’ accounts or perceptions that the researcher deems as relevant to the research question. Themes emerge from the data and help the researcher give their account of the information gathered about the study.
Linking Codes, Categories, and Themes
Once the researcher has identified and coded the data in phrases or words that describe the phenomena, they are grouped into types and interrelationships. In the scholar of change videos from previous weeks, some of the codes derived explained the concepts of what each scholar was striving to attain by embarking on each project. Codes derived for Isaac’s (2014) video included equality and self-worth. These were captured by references to showing children with special needs in normal light. The theme derived was normalcy and the category was empowerment through education. The codes were grouped based on the common thread and meaning the represented to capture the purpose of Isaac’s (2014) project.
The codes are the abstract aspects of the data, categorization is the descriptive aspect that helps the researcher link the themes into a more comprehensive model of what has been found.
References
Isaac, B. (2014). Benjamin Isaac, EdD student, inspiring children with special needs [Video file].
Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.